Türk olmak ve Hrant Dink-AZERBAYCAN GAZETELERINDE MAKALELER
YENİ MÜSAVAT: "KARDEŞİN KARA ŞAKASI."
BAKÜ Tirajı günde 7.000 olan muhalefet yanlısı Yeni Müsavat Gazetesi'nin 22 Ocak 2007 tarihli sayısında, yukarıdaki başlık altında ve Zahit Seferoğlu imzasıyla yayımlanan makale:
Türkiye, birkaç gündür gerginlik içersinde. Geçtiğimiz hafta Türk vatandaşı olan Ermeni asıllı gazeteci Hrant Dink'in öldürülmesi ülke gündemini değiştirdi ve herkesi sarstı. Hem resmi çevreler, hem de toplum olaya sert tepki verdiler.
Ermeni asıllı gazetecinin öldürülmesi, Türkiye'de devlet prensiplerine ve Türkçülüğe arkadan vurulan bir darbe olarak değerlendirildi. Bu anlaşılır bir şey. Türk düşmanlarının uluslararası çapta aktifleştiği, sözde Ermeni soykırımı konusunun ABD Kongresi'nde onaylanması ihtimalinin arttığı ve PKK'nın faaliyetlerini artırdığı bir dönemde, sorun oluşturacak böyle bir olay kardeş ülkenin aleyhine bir durum.
Katil artık yakalandı. Hem de 32 saat sonra. Türk emniyet organları ile kitle iletişim araçlarının işbirliği işe yaradı ve katil bulundu. Terör eyleminin nedeninin tüm çıplaklığıyla ortaya çıkacağını ümit ediyoruz. Ankara da bunu istiyor. Ermeniler, olaydan yararlanaması nlar diye...
Tüm bunlar bir kenara, bizleri hayal kırıklığına uğratan ve üzen, aynı zamanda şaşırtan şey, kardeş ülkede olayla ilgili, Azerbaycan halkının gururunu inciten hususlar yaşanması. Onbinlerce Türkün, İstanbul sokaklarına çıkarak "Biz de Ermeniyiz" şeklinde sloganlar atmasından bahsediyorum. Bu, toprakları Ermeniler tarafından işgal edilen, vatandaşları öldürülen, yüzlerce kadını halen esir olarak tutulan Azerbaycan Türkleri için hakaretten başka bi rşey değil. Bizi üzen en ciddi husus ise, Türk televizyonları nın Hrant Dink'in fotoğrafını Azerbaycan türküsü olan "Sarı Gelin"le yayımlamaları. Gazetecinin öldüğü sokakta toplananlar da, yerli Ermenilerin kışkırtmasıyla Sarı Gelin'i söylüyorlar. Türk televizyonları , hakları olmamalarına rağmen, Azerbaycan türküsünü Ermenilerin adına resmileştiriyorlar. Yazıklar olsun!
Türk toplumunun söz konusu olayla ilgili sert tepkisini anlıyor ve bunu normal karşılıyoruz. Ermeni bile olsa, öldürülen bu devletin vatandaşıydı. Bu nedenle de resmi organlar ve toplum vatandaşına sahip çıkmalı. İster diri olsun, ister ölü.
Bizler de, Ermeni gazetecinin ölümünün Türkiye'yi olumsuz yönde etkileyeceğini biliyoruz ve Ankara'nın bu olaydan en az zararla sıyrılmasını istiyoruz. Fakat, kardeş ülkedeki tepkinin Azerbaycan halkı için böyle aşağılayıcı bir şekilde olmasını da doğru bulmuyoruz. Bu, mantıksız bir şey. Aslında böyle bir tepki şeklinin adı rezalet. Bu protesto şeklini tercih eden insanların yaptıklarını kastediyoruz.
İnsan umduğuna küser. Türkiye, canımız ciğerimiz olsa da, kınadığımızı yürek acısıyla yazmak zorundayız. Kardeş ülkenin Dağlık Karabağ'la ilgili tutumunu da her zaman takdir ediyor ve hiçbir zaman unutmuyoruz. Ancak, bazı Türk kardeşlerimizin, Papa'dan daha çok Katolik olma arzusu anlaşılır değil. Hocalı soykırımı ve Ermenilerin, geçtiğimiz yüzyıl Türk soyuna ve onlarca Türk diplomatına neler yaptığı ne çabuk unutuldu?
Nasıl oluyor da, Azerbaycan Türklerinin Ermeniler tarafından esir olarak tutulduğu, Türk topraklarının büyük bir bölümünün işgal edildiği bir dönemde dost ve ortak olarak gördüğümüz Türkiye'de tüm Türk dünyası için utanç verici bir durum yaşanıyor? Azerbaycan halkına karşı bu tür davranış>normal değil.
Bir gün önce, halkımız, "20 Ocak" faciasının 17. yıldönümünü andı. O kadar ilginç ki, TGRT dışında (o da herhalde dostumuz İrfan Sapmaz sayesinde) tüm Türk televizyonları , sabahtan akşama kadar Ermeni gazetecinin ölümünden bahsetti. "20 Ocak"la ilgili hemen hemen hiçbir şey göstermediler. Bazıları sadece sıradan bir haberle yetindiler o kadar.
Tekrar yazıklar olsun
Cep Telefonları
Cep Telefonlarının Gizli Hünerleri
Eğer telefonunuz kapsama alanı dışındaysa, ve acil bir durum var ise, 112 çevirin. Varolan herhangi bir network bulunup, yardım isteyebilirsiniz. Daha enteresanı,tuş takıınız kilitli olsa dahi,112 çevrilebilir. EĞER UZAKTAN KUMANDALI ARAÇ ANAHTARINIZI ARACINIZDA KİLİTLİ UNUTURSANIZ Aracınızın yedek anahtarı başka birinde varsa, ( aradaki mesafe ne olursa olsun) o kişiyi cep telefonunuzla arayın. Aracınızın kapısına 25-30 cm uzakta cep telefonunuzu tutun, karsı taraf da yedek anahtarın açma düğmesine(cep telefonuna yakın bir mesafede tutarak) basın. Kapınız acılacaktır. Bagaj için de geçerlidir. GİZLİ PİL GÜCÜ Eğer cep telefonunuzun pili çok düşükse ve acil bir telefon bekliyor iseniz; Nokialar, rezerve pile sahiptir. *3370# tuşlarına basarak,telefonunuzu, rezerv pille çalışır hala getirebilirsiniz. Cihazınız pil seviyesinde % 50 artış gösterecek ve telefonunuzu şarj ettiğinizde, rezerv piliniz de tekrar dolacaktır. 444 0 911 Türkiye'deki tüm hastaneler ayni numarada birleşti. Acil durumlarda 444 0 911 numaralı telefon hattını arayan vatandaşlar, en yakin hastaneye en hızlı şekilde ulaşabilecek, ilgili hastaneden ambulans anında yola çıkacak.Cep telefonundan aranma durumunda ise oturulan şehrin alan kodu ile birlikte 444 0 911 numaralı hat aranacak. Örneğin cep telefonundan 0 212 444 0 911 numarayı arayan vatandaş, İstanbul'da, kendisinin bulunduğu noktaya en yakın hastaneye en hızlı şekilde ulaşabilecek. Sabit telefonla aramada ise herhangi bir kod çevirmeden direkt 444 0 911 aranacak. Bu telefon arandığında kişiye en yakın hastaneden ambulans olay yerine gönderilecek.
Eğer telefonunuz kapsama alanı dışındaysa, ve acil bir durum var ise, 112 çevirin. Varolan herhangi bir network bulunup, yardım isteyebilirsiniz. Daha enteresanı,tuş takıınız kilitli olsa dahi,112 çevrilebilir. EĞER UZAKTAN KUMANDALI ARAÇ ANAHTARINIZI ARACINIZDA KİLİTLİ UNUTURSANIZ Aracınızın yedek anahtarı başka birinde varsa, ( aradaki mesafe ne olursa olsun) o kişiyi cep telefonunuzla arayın. Aracınızın kapısına 25-30 cm uzakta cep telefonunuzu tutun, karsı taraf da yedek anahtarın açma düğmesine(cep telefonuna yakın bir mesafede tutarak) basın. Kapınız acılacaktır. Bagaj için de geçerlidir. GİZLİ PİL GÜCÜ Eğer cep telefonunuzun pili çok düşükse ve acil bir telefon bekliyor iseniz; Nokialar, rezerve pile sahiptir. *3370# tuşlarına basarak,telefonunuzu, rezerv pille çalışır hala getirebilirsiniz. Cihazınız pil seviyesinde % 50 artış gösterecek ve telefonunuzu şarj ettiğinizde, rezerv piliniz de tekrar dolacaktır. 444 0 911 Türkiye'deki tüm hastaneler ayni numarada birleşti. Acil durumlarda 444 0 911 numaralı telefon hattını arayan vatandaşlar, en yakin hastaneye en hızlı şekilde ulaşabilecek, ilgili hastaneden ambulans anında yola çıkacak.Cep telefonundan aranma durumunda ise oturulan şehrin alan kodu ile birlikte 444 0 911 numaralı hat aranacak. Örneğin cep telefonundan 0 212 444 0 911 numarayı arayan vatandaş, İstanbul'da, kendisinin bulunduğu noktaya en yakın hastaneye en hızlı şekilde ulaşabilecek. Sabit telefonla aramada ise herhangi bir kod çevirmeden direkt 444 0 911 aranacak. Bu telefon arandığında kişiye en yakın hastaneden ambulans olay yerine gönderilecek.
Evet Sahnede Yine Amerika...
ABD’nin bir numaralı bilgisayar güvenlik şirketi Hacker Safe’in Türkiye Temsilcisi, başlıktaki iddianın bir iddia değil GERÇEK OLDUĞUNU savundu Vatan gazetesinin başarılı söyleşicisi DEVRİM SEVİMAY, bu kez ABD’nin bir numaralı bilgisayar güvenlik şirketi Hacker Safe’in Türkiye Temsilcisi İnan Taptık ile konuştu. İşte Vatan'daki söyleşiden bazı bölümler:* Siz, dünyanın en önemli bilgisayar güvenlik firmalarından birinin temsilcisisiniz; e-mail’lerinizin okunmaması için siz nasıl tedbir alıyorsunuz?Ben okunduğunu biliyorum, onun için hiçbir şey yapmıyorum. Yazdığınız e-mail’in sadece siz ve gönderdiğiniz kişi tarafından okunması diye bir şey yok. Bütün e-mailler istenirse okunabilir. MSN’deki yazışmalar dahil... * Sıradan bir vatandaşın e-mail’ini kim okur ki?Okumaz, ama bir kopyasını saklar.* Kim?ABD.* “Her işin altından ABD çıkar” diye mi, yoksa gerçekten ABD mi?Gerçekten ABD. Çünkü dünyanın internet yapısına sahip olan ülkesi ABD. İnternetin doğduğu topraklar orası. Bu işi 1970’lerde çözdüler. Bütün standardı belirleyen de ABD.* Avrupa?Avrupa bu durumun farkına varıp, kendi internet omurgasına sahip çıktı. Devlet kurumlarının port’larını, IP’lerini kesinlikle dinlettirmiyor. Bunu vatandaşlarının, şirketlerinin kullandığı internet ortamına yaymaya çalışıyor. * Onlar ABD’den kaçabildi yani?Bir yere kadar. Çünkü bir Avrupalı Yahoo’ya ya da Gmail adresine e-mail attığı zaman yine yakalanıyor. Ne de olsa bu adreslerin hepsinin ana server’ı, hostingi ABD’de. Asıl posta kutusu orası.* Peki ABD bu kadar bilgiyi ne yapıyor?Aradıkları bazı belli kelimeler var. O yüzden sürekli tarama yapıyorlar. Mesela bir elektronik postanın içinde “El Kaide” kelimesi geçiyorsa o posta taramaya takılıyor. Taramadan kaçmak isteyenler kripto yöntemini kullanıyor, ama o da çözüm değil. Çünkü tarama sırasında ardışık kelime düzeneklerine sıklıkla rastlanırsa, sistem bunun bir kripto olduğunu anlayıp, onu da kenara ayırıyor. Tabii dünyada çözülemeyecek hiçbir kripto da olmadığı için kaçmak mümkün olmuyor. * Asla hack’lenmeyecek bir internet sitesi var mıdır?Her an savaşa hazır bekleyen Amerikan deniz piyadeleri vardır, onların “marines.com” sitesi... 2003 yılından beri dünyanın en fazla atak alan sitesidir. Bütün Afganlılar, İranlılar, Iraklılar kırmaya çalışmıştır, ama kırılamadı. Yahoo ve VISA da aynı şekilde... Çünkü hack’lenmemenin bir çözümü var. Ama Türkiye’de bu çözüme önem verilmiyor.* En güvenliği olmayan bilgisayar?Wireless, yani kablosuz internetten mümkün olduğu kadar kaçınmanız gerekiyor. Hakikaten güvenlik istiyorsanız bunu kullanmayacaksınız. Çünkü artık o bilgileriniz havada. Hacker’ların en çok izlediği bilgiler bu tür bilgilerdir. * En güvenli bilgisayar?Dünyanın ikinci büyük temel işletim sistemi LINUX’ı yazan Linus Torvalds der ki, “En güvenli bilgisayar fişi çekilmiş bilgisayardır.”
http://www.nethaber.com/NewsDetails.aspx?id=11223
http://www.nethaber.com/NewsDetails.aspx?id=11223
Kurtlar Vadisi Terör
Evet arkadaşlar sonunda tekrar başlıyor. Bakalım neler olacak...
Buradan ilk bölüm fragmanını izleyebilirsiniz...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p63bJxm3TBk
Buradan ilk bölüm fragmanını izleyebilirsiniz...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p63bJxm3TBk
Birazda Yabancı Kaynaklar
20 Greatest Inventions by Muslims
From coffee to cheques and the three-course meal, the Muslim world has given us many innovations that we take for granted in daily life. As a new exhibition opens, Paul Vallely nominates 20 of the most influential- and identifies the men of genius behind them Published: 11 March 2006
1) Coffee
The story goes that an Arab named Khalid was tending his goats in the Kaffa region of southern Ethiopia, when he noticed his animals became livelier after eating a certain berry. He boiled the berries to make the first coffee. Certainly the first record of the drink is of beans exported from Ethiopia to Yemen where Sufis drank it to stay awake all night to pray on special occasions. By the late 15th century it had arrived in Mecca and Turkey from where it made its way to Venice in 1645. It was brought to England in 1650 by a Turk named Pasqua Rosee who opened the first coffee house in Lombard Street in the City of London.
The Arabic qahwa became the Turkish kahve then the Italian caffé and then English coffee.
2) Pin-Hole Camera
The ancient Greeks thought our eyes emitted rays, like a laser, which enabled us to see. The first person to realise that light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haitham. He invented the first pin-hole camera after noticing the way light came through a hole in window shutters. The smaller the hole, the better the picture, he worked out, and set up the first Camera Obscura (from the Arab word qamara for a dark or private room). He is also credited with being the first man to shift physics from a philosophical activity to an experimental one.
3) Chess
A form of chess was played in ancient India but the game was developed into the form we know it today in Persia. From there it spread westward to Europe - where it was introduced by the Moors in Spain in the 10th century - and eastward as far as Japan. The word rook comes from the Persian rukh, which means chariot.
4) Parachute
A thousand years before the Wright brothers a Muslim poet, astronomer, musician and engineer named Abbas ibn Firnas made several attempts to construct a flying machine. In 852 he jumped from the minaret of the Grand Mosque in Cordoba using a loose cloak stiffened with wooden struts. He hoped to glide like a bird. He didn't. But the cloak slowed his fall, creating what is thought to be the first parachute, and leaving him with only minor injuries. In 875, aged 70, having perfected a machine of silk and eagles' feathers he tried again, jumping from a mountain. He flew to a significant height and stayed aloft for ten minutes but crashed on landing - concluding, correctly, that it was because he had not given his device a tail so it would stall on landing.
Baghdad international airport and a crater on the Moon are named after him.
5) Shampoo
Washing and bathing are religious requirements for Muslims, which is perhaps why they perfected the recipe for soap which we still use today. The ancient Egyptians had soap of a kind, as did the Romans who used it more as a pomade. But it was the Arabs who combined vegetable oils with sodium hydroxide and aromatics such as thyme oil. One of the Crusaders' most striking characteristics, to Arab nostrils, was that they did not wash. Shampoo was introduced to England by a Muslim who opened Mahomed's Indian Vapour Baths on Brighton seafront in 1759 and was appointed Shampooing Surgeon to Kings George IV and William IV.
6) Refinement
Distillation, the means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points, was invented around the year 800 by Islam's foremost scientist, Jabir ibn Hayyan, who transformed alchemy into chemistry, inventing many of the basic processes and apparatus still in use today - liquefaction, crystallisation, distillation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation and filtration. As well as discovering sulphuric and nitric acid, he invented the alembic still, giving the world intense rosewater and other perfumes and alcoholic spirits (although drinking them is haram, or forbidden, in Islam). Ibn Hayyan emphasised systematic experimentation and was the founder of modern chemistry.
7) Shaft
The crank-shaft is a device which translates rotary into linear motion and is central to much of the machinery in the modern world, not least the internal combustion engine. One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind, it was created by an ingenious Muslim engineer called al-Jazari to raise water for irrigation. His 1206 Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices shows he also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, devised some of the first mechanical clocks driven by water and weights, and was the father of robotics. Among his 50 other inventions was the combination lock.
8) Metal Armor
Quilting is a method of sewing or tying two layers of cloth with a layer of insulating material in between. It is not clear whether it was invented in the Muslim world or whether it was imported there from India or China. But it certainly came to the West via the Crusaders. They saw it used by Saracen warriors, who wore straw-filled quilted canvas shirts instead of armour. As well as a form of protection, it proved an effective guard against the chafing of the Crusaders' metal armour and was an effective form of insulation - so much so that it became a cottage industry back home in colder climates such as Britain and Holland.
9) Pointed Arch
The pointed arch so characteristic of Europe's Gothic cathedrals was an invention borrowed from Islamic architecture. It was much stronger than the rounded arch used by the Romans and Normans, thus allowing the building of bigger, higher, more complex and grander buildings. Other borrowings from Muslim genius included ribbed vaulting, rose windows and dome-building techniques. Europe's castles were also adapted to copy the Islamic world's - with arrow slits, battlements, a barbican and parapets. Square towers and keeps gave way to more easily defended round ones. Henry V's castle architect was a Muslim.
10) Surgery
Many modern surgical instruments are of exactly the same design as those devised in the 10th century by a Muslim surgeon called al-Zahrawi. His scalpels, bone saws, forceps, fine scissors for eye surgery and many of the 200 instruments he devised are recognisable to a modern surgeon. It was he who discovered that catgut used for internal stitches dissolves away naturally (a discovery he made when his monkey ate his lute strings) and that it can be also used to make medicine capsules. In the 13th century, another Muslim medic named Ibn Nafis described the circulation of the blood, 300 years before William Harvey discovered it. Muslims doctors also invented anaesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes and developed hollow needles to suck cataracts from eyes in a technique still used today.
11) Windmill
The windmill was invented in 634 for a Persian caliph and was used to grind corn and draw up water for irrigation. In the vast deserts of Arabia, when the seasonal streams ran dry, the only source of power was the wind which blew steadily from one direction for months. Mills had six or 12 sails covered in fabric or palm leaves. It was 500 years before the first windmill was seen in Europe.
12) Vaccination
The technique of inoculation was not invented by Jenner and Pasteur but was devised in the Muslim world and brought to Europe from Turkey by the wife of the English ambassador to Istanbul in 1724. Children in Turkey were vaccinated with cowpox to fight the deadly smallpox at least 50 years before the West discovered it.
13) Fountain Pen
The fountain pen was invented for the Sultan of Egypt in 953 after he demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes. It held ink in a reservoir and, as with modern pens, fed ink to the nib by a combination of gravity and capillary action.
14) Numerical Numbering
The system of numbering in use all round the world is probably Indian in origin but the style of the numerals is Arabic and first appears in print in the work of the Muslim mathematicians al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi around 825. Algebra was named after al-Khwarizmi's book, Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah, much of whose contents are still in use. The work of Muslim maths scholars was imported into Europe 300 years later by the Italian mathematician Fibonacci. Algorithms and much of the theory of trigonometry came from the Muslim world. And Al-Kindi's discovery of frequency analysis rendered all the codes of the ancient world soluble and created the basis of modern cryptology.
15) Soup
Ali ibn Nafi, known by his nickname of Ziryab (Blackbird) came from Iraq to Cordoba in the 9th century and brought with him the concept of the three-course meal - soup, followed by fish or meat, then fruit and nuts. He also introduced crystal glasses (which had been invented after experiments with rock crystal by Abbas ibn Firnas - see No 4).
16) Carpets
Carpets were regarded as part of Paradise by medieval Muslims, thanks to their advanced weaving techniques, new tinctures from Islamic chemistry and highly developed sense of pattern and arabesque which were the basis of Islam's non-representational art. In contrast, Europe's floors were distinctly earthly, not to say earthy, until Arabian and Persian carpets were introduced. In England, as Erasmus recorded, floors were "covered in rushes, occasionally renewed, but so imperfectly that the bottom layer is left undisturbed, sometimes for 20 years, harbouring expectoration, vomiting, the leakage of dogs and men, ale droppings, scraps of fish, and other abominations not fit to be mentioned". Carpets, unsurprisingly, caught on quickly.
17) Pay Cheques
The modern cheque comes from the Arabic saqq, a written vow to pay for goods when they were delivered, to avoid money having to be transported across dangerous terrain. In the 9th century, a Muslim businessman could cash a cheque in China drawn on his bank in Baghdad.
18) Earch is in sphere shape?
By the 9th century, many Muslim scholars took it for granted that the Earth was a sphere. The proof, said astronomer Ibn Hazm, "is that the Sun is always vertical to a particular spot on Earth". It was 500 years before that realisation dawned on Galileo. The calculations of Muslim astronomers were so accurate that in the 9th century they reckoned the Earth's circumference to be 40, 253.4km - less than 200km out. The scholar al-Idrisi took a globe depicting the world to the court of King Roger of Sicily in 1139.
19) Rocket and Torpedo
Though the Chinese invented saltpetre gunpowder, and used it in their fireworks, it was the Arabs who worked out that it could be purified using potassium nitrate for military use. Muslim incendiary devices terrified the Crusaders. By the 15th century they had invented both a rocket, which they called a "self-moving and combusting egg", and a torpedo - a self-propelled pear-shaped bomb with a spear at the front which impaled itself in enemy ships and then blew up.
20) Gardens
Medieval Europe had kitchen and herb gardens, but it was the Arabs who developed the idea of the garden as a place of beauty and meditation. The first royal pleasure gardens in Europe were opened in 11th-century Muslim Spain. Flowers which originated in Muslim gardens include the carnation and the tulip.
Kaynak: http://www.wonderfulinfo.com/winfo/muslminv.htm
From coffee to cheques and the three-course meal, the Muslim world has given us many innovations that we take for granted in daily life. As a new exhibition opens, Paul Vallely nominates 20 of the most influential- and identifies the men of genius behind them Published: 11 March 2006
1) Coffee
The story goes that an Arab named Khalid was tending his goats in the Kaffa region of southern Ethiopia, when he noticed his animals became livelier after eating a certain berry. He boiled the berries to make the first coffee. Certainly the first record of the drink is of beans exported from Ethiopia to Yemen where Sufis drank it to stay awake all night to pray on special occasions. By the late 15th century it had arrived in Mecca and Turkey from where it made its way to Venice in 1645. It was brought to England in 1650 by a Turk named Pasqua Rosee who opened the first coffee house in Lombard Street in the City of London.
The Arabic qahwa became the Turkish kahve then the Italian caffé and then English coffee.
2) Pin-Hole Camera
The ancient Greeks thought our eyes emitted rays, like a laser, which enabled us to see. The first person to realise that light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haitham. He invented the first pin-hole camera after noticing the way light came through a hole in window shutters. The smaller the hole, the better the picture, he worked out, and set up the first Camera Obscura (from the Arab word qamara for a dark or private room). He is also credited with being the first man to shift physics from a philosophical activity to an experimental one.
3) Chess
A form of chess was played in ancient India but the game was developed into the form we know it today in Persia. From there it spread westward to Europe - where it was introduced by the Moors in Spain in the 10th century - and eastward as far as Japan. The word rook comes from the Persian rukh, which means chariot.
4) Parachute
A thousand years before the Wright brothers a Muslim poet, astronomer, musician and engineer named Abbas ibn Firnas made several attempts to construct a flying machine. In 852 he jumped from the minaret of the Grand Mosque in Cordoba using a loose cloak stiffened with wooden struts. He hoped to glide like a bird. He didn't. But the cloak slowed his fall, creating what is thought to be the first parachute, and leaving him with only minor injuries. In 875, aged 70, having perfected a machine of silk and eagles' feathers he tried again, jumping from a mountain. He flew to a significant height and stayed aloft for ten minutes but crashed on landing - concluding, correctly, that it was because he had not given his device a tail so it would stall on landing.
Baghdad international airport and a crater on the Moon are named after him.
5) Shampoo
Washing and bathing are religious requirements for Muslims, which is perhaps why they perfected the recipe for soap which we still use today. The ancient Egyptians had soap of a kind, as did the Romans who used it more as a pomade. But it was the Arabs who combined vegetable oils with sodium hydroxide and aromatics such as thyme oil. One of the Crusaders' most striking characteristics, to Arab nostrils, was that they did not wash. Shampoo was introduced to England by a Muslim who opened Mahomed's Indian Vapour Baths on Brighton seafront in 1759 and was appointed Shampooing Surgeon to Kings George IV and William IV.
6) Refinement
Distillation, the means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points, was invented around the year 800 by Islam's foremost scientist, Jabir ibn Hayyan, who transformed alchemy into chemistry, inventing many of the basic processes and apparatus still in use today - liquefaction, crystallisation, distillation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation and filtration. As well as discovering sulphuric and nitric acid, he invented the alembic still, giving the world intense rosewater and other perfumes and alcoholic spirits (although drinking them is haram, or forbidden, in Islam). Ibn Hayyan emphasised systematic experimentation and was the founder of modern chemistry.
7) Shaft
The crank-shaft is a device which translates rotary into linear motion and is central to much of the machinery in the modern world, not least the internal combustion engine. One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind, it was created by an ingenious Muslim engineer called al-Jazari to raise water for irrigation. His 1206 Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices shows he also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, devised some of the first mechanical clocks driven by water and weights, and was the father of robotics. Among his 50 other inventions was the combination lock.
8) Metal Armor
Quilting is a method of sewing or tying two layers of cloth with a layer of insulating material in between. It is not clear whether it was invented in the Muslim world or whether it was imported there from India or China. But it certainly came to the West via the Crusaders. They saw it used by Saracen warriors, who wore straw-filled quilted canvas shirts instead of armour. As well as a form of protection, it proved an effective guard against the chafing of the Crusaders' metal armour and was an effective form of insulation - so much so that it became a cottage industry back home in colder climates such as Britain and Holland.
9) Pointed Arch
The pointed arch so characteristic of Europe's Gothic cathedrals was an invention borrowed from Islamic architecture. It was much stronger than the rounded arch used by the Romans and Normans, thus allowing the building of bigger, higher, more complex and grander buildings. Other borrowings from Muslim genius included ribbed vaulting, rose windows and dome-building techniques. Europe's castles were also adapted to copy the Islamic world's - with arrow slits, battlements, a barbican and parapets. Square towers and keeps gave way to more easily defended round ones. Henry V's castle architect was a Muslim.
10) Surgery
Many modern surgical instruments are of exactly the same design as those devised in the 10th century by a Muslim surgeon called al-Zahrawi. His scalpels, bone saws, forceps, fine scissors for eye surgery and many of the 200 instruments he devised are recognisable to a modern surgeon. It was he who discovered that catgut used for internal stitches dissolves away naturally (a discovery he made when his monkey ate his lute strings) and that it can be also used to make medicine capsules. In the 13th century, another Muslim medic named Ibn Nafis described the circulation of the blood, 300 years before William Harvey discovered it. Muslims doctors also invented anaesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes and developed hollow needles to suck cataracts from eyes in a technique still used today.
11) Windmill
The windmill was invented in 634 for a Persian caliph and was used to grind corn and draw up water for irrigation. In the vast deserts of Arabia, when the seasonal streams ran dry, the only source of power was the wind which blew steadily from one direction for months. Mills had six or 12 sails covered in fabric or palm leaves. It was 500 years before the first windmill was seen in Europe.
12) Vaccination
The technique of inoculation was not invented by Jenner and Pasteur but was devised in the Muslim world and brought to Europe from Turkey by the wife of the English ambassador to Istanbul in 1724. Children in Turkey were vaccinated with cowpox to fight the deadly smallpox at least 50 years before the West discovered it.
13) Fountain Pen
The fountain pen was invented for the Sultan of Egypt in 953 after he demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes. It held ink in a reservoir and, as with modern pens, fed ink to the nib by a combination of gravity and capillary action.
14) Numerical Numbering
The system of numbering in use all round the world is probably Indian in origin but the style of the numerals is Arabic and first appears in print in the work of the Muslim mathematicians al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi around 825. Algebra was named after al-Khwarizmi's book, Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah, much of whose contents are still in use. The work of Muslim maths scholars was imported into Europe 300 years later by the Italian mathematician Fibonacci. Algorithms and much of the theory of trigonometry came from the Muslim world. And Al-Kindi's discovery of frequency analysis rendered all the codes of the ancient world soluble and created the basis of modern cryptology.
15) Soup
Ali ibn Nafi, known by his nickname of Ziryab (Blackbird) came from Iraq to Cordoba in the 9th century and brought with him the concept of the three-course meal - soup, followed by fish or meat, then fruit and nuts. He also introduced crystal glasses (which had been invented after experiments with rock crystal by Abbas ibn Firnas - see No 4).
16) Carpets
Carpets were regarded as part of Paradise by medieval Muslims, thanks to their advanced weaving techniques, new tinctures from Islamic chemistry and highly developed sense of pattern and arabesque which were the basis of Islam's non-representational art. In contrast, Europe's floors were distinctly earthly, not to say earthy, until Arabian and Persian carpets were introduced. In England, as Erasmus recorded, floors were "covered in rushes, occasionally renewed, but so imperfectly that the bottom layer is left undisturbed, sometimes for 20 years, harbouring expectoration, vomiting, the leakage of dogs and men, ale droppings, scraps of fish, and other abominations not fit to be mentioned". Carpets, unsurprisingly, caught on quickly.
17) Pay Cheques
The modern cheque comes from the Arabic saqq, a written vow to pay for goods when they were delivered, to avoid money having to be transported across dangerous terrain. In the 9th century, a Muslim businessman could cash a cheque in China drawn on his bank in Baghdad.
18) Earch is in sphere shape?
By the 9th century, many Muslim scholars took it for granted that the Earth was a sphere. The proof, said astronomer Ibn Hazm, "is that the Sun is always vertical to a particular spot on Earth". It was 500 years before that realisation dawned on Galileo. The calculations of Muslim astronomers were so accurate that in the 9th century they reckoned the Earth's circumference to be 40, 253.4km - less than 200km out. The scholar al-Idrisi took a globe depicting the world to the court of King Roger of Sicily in 1139.
19) Rocket and Torpedo
Though the Chinese invented saltpetre gunpowder, and used it in their fireworks, it was the Arabs who worked out that it could be purified using potassium nitrate for military use. Muslim incendiary devices terrified the Crusaders. By the 15th century they had invented both a rocket, which they called a "self-moving and combusting egg", and a torpedo - a self-propelled pear-shaped bomb with a spear at the front which impaled itself in enemy ships and then blew up.
20) Gardens
Medieval Europe had kitchen and herb gardens, but it was the Arabs who developed the idea of the garden as a place of beauty and meditation. The first royal pleasure gardens in Europe were opened in 11th-century Muslim Spain. Flowers which originated in Muslim gardens include the carnation and the tulip.
Kaynak: http://www.wonderfulinfo.com/winfo/muslminv.htm
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